Marketing Environment Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Advertising Environment - Case Study Example (netMBA.com,n.d.) My organization Sainsbury is a UK based food retailer with personal stake in budgetary administrations. The organization contains Sainsbury grocery stores, comfort stores,an web based home conveyance shopping administration and Sainsbury Bank. The gathering is headquartered in Holborn, London and it recorded incomes worth pounds 17151 million during the financial year 2006-2007, an expansion of 6.8% more than 2006. (Data screen plc.,2007) This basically suggests the elements affecting any of it's qualities, for example, it's web based home conveyance shopping office, changes sought after/gracefully or natural nourishments that structure the most productive part. Indeed, even factors that sway it's financial help for example Sainsbury Bank may affect Sainsbury plc all in all. There are a few inside just as outside elements. The inside variables help the inward investigation part of the condition since they center to give a point by point assessment of the interior examination part of the condition since they center to give an itemized assessment of the inner condition's qualities/shortcomings. These elements incorporate a few, for example, organization culture, piece of the pie, brand awareness,financial assets.. (netMBA,n.d.).These will be inner to the association; while outer elements incorporate contenders, for this situation ASDA and TESCO that are driving general stores in the UK too. Be that as it may, the last four referenced components are primarily the full scale ecological variables and possibly utilized in a PEST investigation. Vermin represents political, financial, social and mechanical components that affect the economy. For Sainsbury's situation these might be sanctions on the import of a particular sort of compost utilized for developing natural nourishments that winds up influencing it' s natural food deals and henceforth, it's productivity. Financing cost vacillations because of an over all monetary downturn may prompt lower benefits also. Aside from this, few other large scale natural factors that have an effect include: estimating guidelines. mechanical wellbeing regulations,labor costs,inflation rates, intrigue rates,education, culture, innovation's effect on item contributions, similar to Internet selling etc.(netMBA, n.d.) Three Opportunities The three principle openings that are essentially the result of the ecological components that sway it and that Sainsbury can utilize later on and convert into it's qualities are the accompanying: Expanding interest for it's natural based items As per the Data screen, expanding purchaser attention to wellbeing and natural issues alongside an expanding opposition towards hereditarily changed (gm) food items and GM cultivating, has prompted the quick increment in the interest for natural food.(Data screen plc, 2007). As indicated by the UK Telegraph, Sainsbury's deals have risen indeed because of the developing ubiquity of it's natural and premium food ranges. The organization which had gone under weight from financial specialists to auction its property resources is pushing ahead to recuperation and it's solid quality food offer has helped it remove clients from opponents, for example, TESCO and ASDA(UK Telegraph,2007) This plainly demonstrates natural nourishments have become a Sainsbury trademark with increasingly more of the grocery store outlets being patched up to incorporate the greens area outfitted with quality based natural food supplies. Online market These days, to an ever increasing extent

Pilkingtons Organizational Change Process - myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Talk about thePilkingtons Organizational Change Proces for Modification. Answer: Presentation Authoritative change is the alteration and overhauling of the executives structures to adjust and make due against rivalry and different powers by making the association increasingly productive and compelling. Then again authoritative advancement is arrangement of hierarchical procedures to adjust them to the changing condition that they work in. the business condition dynamic expecting systems to prop the business up (Bradford Burke, 2005). Pilkington has decided to experience hierarchical change and improvement because of inside and outside powers with the condition that it works in. This report features Pilkington change process through dissecting the reasons for change and the entire change process. Variables that moved Pilkington towards change Change inside the association can be brought about by both interior and outside variables. Interior variables for change are brought about by the need to change the structure of the association to improve business processes(George, 2007). The need to improve the association by embracing new strategic policies and the executives styles prompted authoritative changes inside Pilkington as a method of growing new business abilities to find the ever-evolving condition. The association was working on an old framework that had been set up throughout the previous barely any years and the representatives were old. These progressions were in this way, change periods that prompted answers for interior administration challenges that were being seen. Outer variables of progress exist outside the association and are brought about by the requirement for the association to make new capabilities for rivalry. Pilkington outside changes were brought about by rivalry from abroad contenders who caused outer weight on its business activity. The need to suit decent variety and contend in a worldwide domain prompted the requirement for authoritative change. Lewins model of progress proposes that an association is an open framework which encounters powers that battle and oppose change simultaneously (Rizescu Tileaga, 2016). Change happens when the elements for change defeat the opposing variables. Change process stages at Pilkington Periods of progress will differ contingent upon the concentration and nature of the change itself. The procedure of progress in Pilkington took three stages. Stage one depended on the need to refine the authoritative structure in preparation for the progressions that will happen. This involved rebuilding of the authoritative structure of the conventional order framework to a reversed framework that took into account base up correspondence. This can be viewed as the unfreezing stage from the Lewins model of progress. Here Pilkington distinguished the significant zones that need rebuilding and setting up the association for radical changes to come. Utilitarian hypothesis accentuation security as a method of adjusting to new changes in nature. Pilkington created stage one of its progressions as a method of adjusting to the inward and outer variables of progress. Stage two was the refinement of the association to accomplish agreement and proficiency. This is identified with the moving arrangement of the Lewins model where new objectives are set, assets distributed to the change activity and plans set on how the procedure will be executed(Schultz Ellen, 2006). This was executed through a few changes in authoritative projects like changes in the preparation program, and improvement a consultative administration style. This face was described by critical thinking which tried to give answers for past difficulties and vision direction which involved adjusting the association towards another vision. In any case, this was met by various obstruction levels since representatives were not counseled in any of the procedures. The last stage was a progressive one dependent on the business strike that was seen after the subsequent stage. Lewin calls this the freezing stage where change must be accomplished through creating systems for meeting change. The strike prompted examinations concerning representative provokes that prompted the development of new standards that direct individuals driving new conduct and improved relations among the executives and workers. This stage prompted new understandings and arrangements that guided workers and even disciplinary systems set up for overseeing such practices. Sort of hierarchical culture issues at Pilkington Hartnell, Ou, Kinicki (2011) express that hierarchical culture incorporates qualities and practices that are credited to a special social condition inside the association. Hierarchical culture empowers representatives to create social attributes that will be instilled in new individuals when enlisted and profoundly used at work. Pilkington was battling with the representative execution culture that depended on additional time stipends. Representatives were working less during ordinary hours to make work for extra time. This go-moderate was deliberate as opposed to process astute therefore turning out to be and additional cost to the association since yield was moderate and extra time costs had expanded. This social issues had been brought about by the conventional progressive structure of the executives that depended more on guidance and requests as opposed to leadership(Luthans Doh Jonathan, 2015). This prompted protection from work. The way of life was changed through altering the customary administration structure to a progressively consultative style of the board that permitted representatives to partake in business forms. Further, groups were utilized to expand yield as a method of accomplishing better outcomes. Reconfiguration of the creation procedure from people to groups prompted energize cooperation and association of all workers in the creation procedure. Inspiration in the association Worker inspiration involves inborn and outward systems set up to improve inward drive and activity of representatives towards work. This prompts improvement of mental powers that push workers practices towards the planned authoritative direction(Fernandez Pitts David, 2007). Pilkington used to preparing and financial impetuses to persuade its representatives. The representatives were not driven by the enthusiasm for work yet rather material advantages that they got at work. Additional time was repaid well and subsequently representatives built up a go-moderate culture during working hours to get extra time motivations. Further, trainings that occurred in the association were not need-based in this manner prompting meetings for representatives to be off work without profiting anything. Protection from These progressions was profoundly seen in the association prompting a ten days strike that prompted lose of 10 million. Bovey Hede (2001) contend that hierarchical change causes change i n business as usual which prompts response from workers. Approaches to defeat protection from change Representative protection from change is typical since change causes dependability at one point in the association. The need to keep up business as usual and the dread of what change may welcome prompts obstruction on new procedures for change(Agboola Aalawu, 2011). One approach to beat protection from change is worker commitment. This permits workers to propose better methods of initiating change and furthermore the significant territories that should be rebuilt. Associations that include workers in dynamic and rebuilding have lower opposition levels. In the wake of including representative, new systems were set up by the executives in Pilkington that prompted effective change. Habib Shah (2013) include that associations can defeat opposition through positive inspiration. This involves setting up structures that can make workers see the advantages in change. This involves sufficient preparing on new framework rebuilding and approaches to improve working environment. This permits workers to acknowledge and acknowledge new changes (Serban Iorga, 2016). At the point when representatives are included through preparing, they comprehend the necessities of the association and their needs in this manner looking for a harmony between them to acknowledge change and proceed onward. How Pilkington endeavored to embrace change in the hierarchical structure The authoritative structure in Pilkington was one of the significant difficulties that the association was experiencing. The customary various leveled structure should have been changed to take into account a modified structure that will enable workers more. The new structure advanced upward correspondence and forestalled struggle among the executives and subordinates. Through reconfiguring of the creation procedure, representatives were placed in groups that guaranteed help for one another to build productivity. Salas, Shuffler, Thayer, Bedwell, Lazzara (2014) contend that collaboration prompts developing states and procedures of work execution that expansion proficiency and adequacy. From a frameworks hypothesis point of view, groups are a piece of the entire framework where every part has an impact that is significant in the activity of the entire framework. Groups permit individuals to comprehend their job in the association and the impact that their work and exertion plays to th e association in this way making more grounded and dependable teams(Beal, 2003). Pilkington new structure gave groups self-governance to deal with their assignments and report results as opposed to have somebody make arrangements, choices and set focuses for them. Habib (2013) proposes that rrestructuring needs to happen both at the organization level and at the degree of parts inside the association. One method of rebuilding is making changes in hierarchical strategies to address holes that have caused framework wasteful aspects. Through changes in preparing and work wellbeing strategies, the association was rebuilt to lessen mishaps and trainings were need-based. The focal point of the association was result conveyance through proficiency as opposed to order. Productivity guaranteed that lost work days were decreased and representatives got legitimate trainings. This was at first opposed however after meetings, workers consented to receive the new

Grendels Mothers Attack Essay -- Beowulf Grendel Mother Essays

Grendel's Mother's Attack In Beowulf, we see various components all through the sonnet. To start with, we see an agnostic warrior society. In this general public the connection between a lord and his thanes is vital. It is a cooperative relationship in which the thanes guard the lord and his territory and battle his wars. Consequently, the lord accommodates his men. He offers them such things as mailcoats, blades, head protectors, gold rings, mead, brew, haven and friendship. This general public additionally puts incredible incentive on family relationship. On the off chance that one's kinfolk is slaughtered, it is the staying relative's obligation to make the executioner pay for the passing, either with his own life or the installment of wergild (the man cost). At last, we see the repeat of the agnostic thoughts of destiny and fearlessness. Men accept that destiny controls their lives. Beowulf continually tests destiny and accepts that through fortitude he can live on in the memory of the individuals who wil l live after him. In the area of the sonnet managing Grendel's Mother's assault, we see the warriors settling down to rest in Heorot after the colossal festival of Beowulf's triumph over Grendel. They appear to be unconscious of the way that Grendel has kinfolk who may come to vindicate his demise. Grendel's mom shows up on the scene, grabs a man away and rushes back to the simple. At the point when it is found a man is dead, distress is restored. There is no more happiness at Heorot, presently that the she-beast has looked for installment for the passing of her child. However since she and her child are beasts, the thanes feel little sympat...

Women Their Careers and Family Lives

Presentation At present, numerous specialists despite everything center around imbalance among females and guys in their vocation lives. In any case, openings for work for sexual orientations are to a great extent equivalent now and it is conceivable to express that the decision of the way relies upon the individual. In this manner, loads of ladies center around their profession and discover their life satisfying.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on Women: Their Careers and Family Lives explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Other females are progressively worried about their family lives and don't take a stab at higher situations inside organizations. It is additionally conceivable to follow improvement of new mentalities towards jobs inside the family. In this manner, quite a few years prior ladies should invest more energy with their families doing housework and caring for kids. Simultaneously, men should work and they scarcely helped their spous es about the house. Presently men are progressively useful and it is a typical practice when a man does certain housework. These patterns are obvious when conversing with ladies of various ages. Significantly, unmistakably now jobs gained willingly, their character and their word related achievement instead of on cultural shows and preference. Examination of the Two Women The current paper depends on the information got during two meetings with two ladies. One of these ladies is Janice, 69, who works half-time in a launder shop. The other lady is Ann, 36, who is a chief of a condo. The two ladies are hitched. Janice has two youngsters and she likewise has five grandkids. Ann doesn't have youngsters however she has â€Å"fur-babies†, three canines. The two ladies changed occupations, yet they had various motivations to do that. Outstandingly, the ladies believe that their vocations didn't barge in their family life and the other way around. It is additionally essential to incl ude that the two ladies have great associations with their spouses and they have not had genuine squabbles as a result of their professions. In any case, there are very numerous contrasts between the ladies and their ways, particularly with regards to their professions. The significant distinction is worried about their needs. Accordingly, Janice is centered around her family while Ann is focused on her vocation more. Janice chose to work-low maintenance to invest more energy with her kids and she likewise went through quite a while at home while her subsequent kid was pretty much nothing. In any case, Ann doesn't have youngsters and she doesn't plan to have kids in the closest future. She has not changed employments to invest more energy at home yet she was searching for better open doors for her vocation advancement. Ann takes a stab at advancement and accomplishment in her vocation life.Advertising Looking for article on sexual orientation examines? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The women’s associations with their spouses additionally contrast. Along these lines, Janice has a normal for the twentieth century demeanor towards marriage and sex jobs inside the family. At the end of the day, she does all the housework and she used to deal with their kids. Janice doesn't see anything incorrectly about this sort of jobs. In actuality, Ann doesn't do all the housework. Her significant other does the cooking and she does the cleaning up. Ann concedes that her better half encourages her about the house at whatever point he has time. She additionally includes that there are no particular jobs in their family. Key Factor That Contributed to the Women’s Choice Priorities It is important to take note of that a very long while back ladies faced numerous limitations as there were explicit sexual orientation jobs, yet in the twenty-first century ladies have more chances and their vocations rely upo n their characters and their wants (Hakim 290). In addition, presently ladies will in general make progress toward their profession advancement more. For example, Hakim contends that these days â€Å"the contrasts among men and women’s profession objectives are littler than once in a while thought† (279). Numerous ladies are not worried about making families and attempt to prevail in their profession lives. Prominently, there is such term as â€Å"glass ceiling† that alludes to the sentiment that ladies are less dedicated to prevail in their occupations, and, along these lines, less â€Å"promotable† (qtd. in Correll et al. 1334). Scientists concede that as a rule ladies need to confront issues related with the biased based impediment impact (Forret Dougherty 420). Be that as it may, presently numerous ladies figure out how to experience the biased based impediment. Numerous ladies accept that there is no critical partiality in working spots. Ann states t hat she has never felt that sexual orientation interfered in her profession life. In like manner, Janice likewise expresses that she has never encountered any sort of disparity or persecution related with sexual orientation. Now, note that the ladies have various needs which got essential in their lives. Hence, Janice’s need was her family and dealing with her kids. She didn't take a stab at promotion.Advertising We will compose a custom article test on Women: Their Careers and Family Lives explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More in actuality, she remained at home for quite a while until her more youthful kid could go to the kindergarten and she began low maintenance occupation to invest more energy with her children. Janice didn't feel anybody kept her from accomplishing a few tops in her working environment. She felt there were equivalent open doors for her and other ladies. She believed she had opportunities to accomplish more, yet she would not like to. Sin gular Choices Janice can be viewed as a decent confirmation of a persevering thought that ladies will in general be increasingly worried about their homes, not professions (Chiodo Owyang 8). Along these lines, Chiodo and Owyang note that wedded ladies and working moms even get lower compensation as they are accepted to be less dedicated (7). Janice is a case of a lady who isn't focused on her profession life however is anxious to invest however much energy with her family as could be expected. Simultaneously, Ann is a case of a wedded lady who is resolved to prevail in her profession life. Remarkably, Ann claims that she has never felt she was thought little of or some way or another persecuted because of her sexual orientation. Critically, she relates to the gathering of ladies who are not viewed as less profitable as she is more than 28 and she doesn't have youngsters (Chiodo and Owyang 7). Businesses will in general spotlight on proficient abilities and experience of ladies relat ing to this gathering. Ann revealed that occasionally she needed to work extended periods of time and her better half didn't care for that. In any case, she included that it was anything but a major issue, so she never let down her manager and her family life never influenced her vocation. Ann’s case can be viewed as a specific clarification to the evolving pattern. Along these lines, businesses will in general consider ladies to be similarly dedicated representatives as a great deal of females have begun focusing on their profession lives as opposed to on their families. Note that singular decisions are regularly viewed as small scale level components. Be that as it may, with regards to sexual orientation related issues in working environment, singular decision has become an essential full scale level factor. Quite a few years back ladies were centered around their families and (in most by far of cases) they didn't take a stab at advancement. These days there is another patt ern and ladies become progressively worried about their professions. At the end of the day, singular decisions ladies make impact the general circumstance on the worldwide scale. Another Key Factor: Occupational Success Janice As has been referenced above, it is accepted that numerous females need to confront certain limitations in their work environments because of their sexual orientation, however the ladies met didn't report about any sex related issues, which can be additionally clarified by their situation in the working environment. The two females don't involve extremely high posts and it is conceivable to accept that there isn't not kidding rivalry. Janice worked at a college and made some half-memories work, which doesn't surmise any high posts. Some time back she began working for her better half (to enable their business to create) and here she was unable to confront any sex related persecution or even any huge rivalry. Janice is one of those ladies who â€Å"sacrificeâ €  their wages and their achievement in work environment as they need to remain â€Å"flexible† to invest more energy with their family (Chiodo and Owyang 7).Advertising Searching for paper on sexual orientation contemplates? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More Consequently, the way that Janice didn't confront any critical sexual orientation related requirements doesn't mean ladies who make progress toward profession improvement and involve higher posts don't face such issues. Ann has a somewhat unique circumstance. She needs to prevail in her profession life. She changed occupations four or multiple times as she was not happy with the manner in which her managers treated her. Presently Ann is an administrator and this post can't be viewed as high. Once more, there isn't a lot of rivalry for Ann. Critically, Halrynjo and Lyng have investigated encounters of Norwegian wedded ladies and working moms and the specialists note that even in such created nation as Norway ladies involving higher posts face various limitations (337). Ladies who take a stab at advancement need to work longer hours and will in general invest less energy at home. It is conceivable to express that ladies will in general obtain male’s mentality towards vocation an d family life. Ladies are not, at this point concentrated on their family life as they need to prevail in different regions of the contemporary public activity. General taking everything into account, it is conceivable to express that there are no particular sexual orientation jobs in the contemporary society. Ladies take a stab at prevailing in their expert life. Females are not, at this point happy with the job of the spouse and the mother. Meetings with the two ladies made it conceivable to characterize main considerations that add to improvement of the current patterns. In any case, singular decisions made by ladies clarify that

Synovate Survey Shows Ascending Singaporean Spending Power Essay Example for Free

Synovate Survey Shows Ascending Singaporean Spending Power Essay Synovate study shows climbing Singaporean spending power. Synovate, a main worldwide market knowledge organization, today discharged data from the 2005 Synovate PAX media overview that indicated ascends in riches, item and administration proprietorship and enhancements in way of life across Singapores prosperous inhabitants. The Synovate PAX review tracks media, thriving and impact in eleven markets over the Asia Pacific locale †Singapore, Hong Kong, Korea, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, Philippines, Taiwan, India, Australia and Japan. Wanda Gill, Media Director for Synovate in Singapore said that the princely of Singapore were getting a charge out of high certainty and spending power. In simply the most recent couple of months, our continually refreshed following has empowered us to watch Singapores everâ€increasing certainty convert into higher item possession, expanding buy expectations and improving way of life. The Synovate PAX results for 2005 show that the normal month to month family pay of the Lion Citys rich inhabitants has ascended from US$4,826 to US$5,456 †a 13% relative change. With more prominent family unit riches, these Singaporeans are compensating themselves with acquisition of top level extravagance and customer things and consistent increments in property possession and venture, Ms Gill said. The Synovate PAX study permits advertisers to get a full image of Singapores rich buyers †what they watch, read, purchase and how they feel about promoting and marking †empowering them to focus on their showcasing endeavors. Ms Gill said that the 2005 outcomes portrayed Singapore as the peaceful powerhouse according to different markets in the locale. While Hong Kongs well off are obvious customers and purchase things for their design status, Singaporeans will in general be increasingly considered in disseminating the their rewards for all the hard work. Singapores elites despite everything spend †and spend a ton †however our information shows they wont get their wallets out spontaneously. Advertisers must speak to this absence of demand and acknowledge Singaporeans are not as status-cognizant as individuals from Hong Kong or as greedy as the well off of other South East Asian economies which are less developed. Singaporeans are agreeable in their skins and are bound to purchase to make their lives simpler, Ms Gill said. The Synovate PAX overview dives into people groups perspectives to brands and publicizing by means of a progression of psychographic articulations. A portion of the discoveries for Singapore were: * 11. 5% of Singapores elites concurred with the explanation that they are among the first to purchase another item or device. This is beneath the territorial normal, indicating that Singaporeans are less in a surge than different markets, standing by to check whether the thing fits into their way of life. Multiple thirds of Singaporeans concur that paying for quality is advantageous. * 46. 9% rich Singaporeans like to purchase notable brands, well over the territorial normal of 41. 1%. * Singaporeans show an attention on way of life with 41. 5% concurring that a home with present day machines is essential to them †this thinks about to the provincial normal of 38. 7% and 28. 9% in Hong Kong. Theres a liberal streak across prosperous Singaporeans, with probably the most elevated level of consent to the announcement I some of the time like to get myself something unique. 8. 2% of PAX respondents concurred in Singapore, with just Sydney-siders progressively liberal (62%). The provincial normal is 48. 5%. Synovate PAX likewise covers item and administration possession, buy aim over the a year to June 2006 and way of life. * As a significant provincial business center of Asia, it would be normal that a lot of business travel starts here. Be that as it may, from June 2004 to June 2005, we have seen a 22% expansion in Singapores wealthy taking off on at least one excursions for work. Around 28% of these PAX respondents travel for business. Be that as it may, Singapores first class despite everything discover time to unwind †over half have taken at least one recreation trips in the year to June 2005 as well. * An unsurpassed high number of 38. 6% of prosperous Singaporeans currently own workstations or journals, up from 31. 9% in June 2004. * Likewise, responsibility for cell phone with Internet get to hits an untouched high †it remains at 37. 7% and shows consistent increments for each quarter estimated. This proceeding with pattern is uplifting news for portable makers and 3G systems and administration offering organizers. In reality, over 92% of prosperous Singaporeans own a portable with or without Internet get to †they are setting down deep roots and every one of these individuals will update as versatile substance turns out to be increasingly convincing. * Digital predominance appears to be an ever increasing number of unavoidable as we watch constant increments in Singaporean responsibility for like MP3 players (up to 23. 1%, an ascent of a quarter throughout the prior year), advanced camcorders (43. 7% now own these, up from 35. 9%) computerized still cameras (the greater part of well-off Singaporeans own these an expansion from 41% in 2004). In reality, the affection ffair with computerized is genuinely blooming. * Its reasonable for state that the advertisers of LCD or plasma TVs have delighted in a decent year. They near multiplied their market size, with the quantity of rich Singaporeans previously claiming one of these TVs ascending from 7. 6% to 12. 7%. Theres still a lot of upside, with 10% communicating the expectation to buy this top level thing in the following a year. * Car possession stunningly hopped for the second sequential year. Toward the finish of June 2005, 60% of got the money for up Singaporeans possessed one, up from 56. 6% simultaneously a year ago. This is a particularly decent indication of trust in this over the top expensive spot to possess one †the decrease in COEs would assume a critical job in this also. Also, showing that the pattern is set to proceed, 11. 7% of respondents mean to buy a private vehicle throughout the following a year. * Singapores relationship with football/soccer proceeds †33% of PAX respondents read about it, heads up or go to games. This is up from 29. 5% a year ago. Truth be told, Singapore is truly getting energetic tennis, badminton, ball and golf all demonstrated more significant levels of intrigue as well. With progressively extra cash, Singaporeans have likewise been getting social. More individuals have gone to a show, drama, artful dance, live theater, workmanship display and historical centers. * The enthusiasm for quality wine keeps on picking up energy. Spending on quality wine has drastically expanded from US$144 in 2004 to US$223 in 2005. This is a monstrous 55% relative increment. * The quantity of elites of the island state who own a subsequent property is up to 10. 6%. Increments in individuals living in a possessed property have been enrolled too †22. 9% of PAX respondents own their homes.

The Basics of the Psychology of Learning

The Basics of the Psychology of Learning Student Resources Study Guides and Tips Print The Psychology of Learning By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on September 17, 2019 More in Student Resources Study Guides and Tips APA Style and Writing Careers In This Article Table of Contents Expand Learning Behaviorism Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning Observational Learning Influential People View All Back To Top Psychologists often define learning as a relatively permanent change in behavior as a result of experience. The psychology of learning focuses on a range of topics related to how people learn and interact with their environments. One of the first thinkers to study how learning influences behavior was the psychologist John B. Watson who suggested that all behaviors are a result of the learning process. The school of thought that emerged from Watsons work was known as behaviorism. The behavioral school of thought proposed studying internal thoughts, memories, and other mental processes were too subjective. Psychology, the behaviorists believed, should be the scientific study of observable behavior. Behaviorism thrived during the first half of the twentieth century and contributed a great deal to our understanding of some important learning processes. Are you preparing for a big test in your psychology of learning class? Or are you just interested in a review of learning and behavioral psychology topics? This learning study guide offers a brief overview of some of the major learning issues including behaviorism, classical and operant conditioning. Lets learn a bit more about the psychology of learning.  Illustration by JR Bee, Verywell Learning Learning can be defined in many ways, but most psychologists would agree that it is a relatively permanent change in behavior that results from experience. During the first half of the twentieth century, the school of thought known as behaviorism rose to dominate psychology and sought to explain the learning process. The three major types of learning described by behavioral psychology are classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning. Behaviorism Behaviorism was the school of thought in psychology that sought to measure only observable behaviors. Founded by John B. Watson and outlined in his seminal 1913 paper Psychology as the Behaviorist View It, the behaviorist standpoint held that psychology was an experimental and objective science and that internal mental processes should not be considered because they could not be directly observed and measured. Watsons work included the famous Little Albert experiment in which he conditioned a small child to fear a white rat. Behaviorism dominated psychology for much of the early twentieth century. While behavioral approaches remain important today, the later part of the century was marked by the emergence of humanistic psychology, biological psychology, and cognitive psychology. Overview of Behaviorism Classical Conditioning Classical conditioning is a learning process in which an association is made between a previously neutral stimulus and a stimulus that naturally evokes a response. For example, in Pavlovs classic experiment, the smell of food was the naturally occurring stimulus that was paired with the previously neutral ringing of the bell. Once an association had been made between the two, the sound of the bell alone could lead to a response. How Classical Conditioning Works Operant Conditioning Operant conditioning is a learning process in which the probability of response occurring is increased or decreased due to reinforcement or punishment. First studied by Edward Thorndike and later by B.F. Skinner, the underlying idea behind operant conditioning is that the consequences of our actions shape voluntary behavior. Skinner described how reinforcement could lead to increases in behaviors where punishment would result in decreases. He also found that the timing of when reinforcements were delivered influenced how quickly a behavior was learned and how strong the response would be. The timing and rate of reinforcement are known as schedules of reinforcement. How Operant Conditioning Works Observational Learning Observational learning is a process in which learning occurs through observing and imitating others. Albert Banduras social learning theory suggests that in addition to learning through conditioning, people also learn through observing and imitating the actions of others. 1:42 Basic Principles of Social Learning Theory As demonstrated in his classic Bobo Doll experiments, people will imitate the actions of others without direct reinforcement. Four important elements are essential for effective observational learning: attention, motor skills, motivation, and memory. How Observational Learning Works Influential People The following are some of the major figures associated with learning and the behavioral school of psychology. Edward ThorndikeIvan PavlovJohn B. WatsonB.F. SkinnerAlbert Bandura

Antipsychotic Medications Research Paper - 550 Words

Antipsychotic Medications (Research Paper Sample) Content: Studentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s name;Professor:Course:Date:Antipsychotic MedicationsIn a world filled with an endless list of sicknesses, patients tend to suffer from various ailments and diseases which at times require drugs to lessen pain or discomfort. In some cases, some of these drugs do have side effects despite having been developed with the sole purpose of reducing the effects of a disease. Antipsychotic medications are normally used in the management of psychosis and other mental related conditions like bipolar, delusions and some cases schizophrenia. Antipsychotics drugs have been used on various people in different age brackets, but this paper seeks to summarize the use, side effects, and contraindications of antipsychotic.The elderly people are faced with a challenge to maintain their moods and at times they become excessively agitated, anxious and could exhibit signs of aggression. It is estimated that close to 80% of the people currently being housed in nursing hom es demonstrate these signs (Byerly, Weber and Brooks, p.1). In order to help these people, antipsychotic medications come in handy to help these patients. In short, antipsychotic medications help in the control of behavioral problems in the elderly.According to Masand (p.1), some of the effects evidenced by antipsychotic use in the elderly include signs similar to ones displayed by patients suffering from Parkinson Disease (PD). Also, these patients experience some Tardive dyskinesia as well as slowed cognitive ability. Other effects include dystonia, dizziness, unpredictable diarrhea, intensified restlessness and occasional headaches. Worth noting here is that patients may display varied effects, and this does not, therefore, means that they are identical on everyone suffering from these conditions. For instance, the patients in the first generation of psychosis tend to have Parkinsonism and Dystonia as some of the effects.Even though these drugs do work in some patients, there are some limits that ought to be observed when using them. In short, contraindications are recommended in certain cases to ensure that patients do not experience worse conditions. For instance, patients who are hypersensitive to have severe depression ought not to be subjected to these medications especially when a medical specialist has not recommended of the same (Baptist Health School, p.2). The essence of understanding these contraindications is to ensure that patientsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ conditions do not worsen as a result of these drugs.Further, patients who may have dyscrasias or liver failure need not have these medications unless a qualified health practitioner has assessed them and offered relevant advice. Some drugs like Lithium are contraindicated in cases where patients have sodium depletion, and those may have diuretics. Also, in case patients are pregnant, they are closely monitored during this stage and that of lactation. As for patients who demonstrate profuse sweating or vom iting, medical practitioners monitor the situation with keenness (Baptist Health School, p.3).Once it is clear that a patient needs to have these medications the health practitioner works closely with the nurse in ensuring that the patient complies with the recommendations. This includes encouraging the patient on the need to take drugs, recording all signs and ensure that the drugs are swallowed as per the prescription. Therefore, the nurse will inspect if the patient has taken t... Antipsychotic Medications Research Paper - 550 Words Antipsychotic Medications (Research Paper Sample) Content: Studentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s name;Professor:Course:Date:Antipsychotic MedicationsIn a world filled with an endless list of sicknesses, patients tend to suffer from various ailments and diseases which at times require drugs to lessen pain or discomfort. In some cases, some of these drugs do have side effects despite having been developed with the sole purpose of reducing the effects of a disease. Antipsychotic medications are normally used in the management of psychosis and other mental related conditions like bipolar, delusions and some cases schizophrenia. Antipsychotics drugs have been used on various people in different age brackets, but this paper seeks to summarize the use, side effects, and contraindications of antipsychotic.The elderly people are faced with a challenge to maintain their moods and at times they become excessively agitated, anxious and could exhibit signs of aggression. It is estimated that close to 80% of the people currently being housed in nursing hom es demonstrate these signs (Byerly, Weber and Brooks, p.1). In order to help these people, antipsychotic medications come in handy to help these patients. In short, antipsychotic medications help in the control of behavioral problems in the elderly.According to Masand (p.1), some of the effects evidenced by antipsychotic use in the elderly include signs similar to ones displayed by patients suffering from Parkinson Disease (PD). Also, these patients experience some Tardive dyskinesia as well as slowed cognitive ability. Other effects include dystonia, dizziness, unpredictable diarrhea, intensified restlessness and occasional headaches. Worth noting here is that patients may display varied effects, and this does not, therefore, means that they are identical on everyone suffering from these conditions. For instance, the patients in the first generation of psychosis tend to have Parkinsonism and Dystonia as some of the effects.Even though these drugs do work in some patients, there are some limits that ought to be observed when using them. In short, contraindications are recommended in certain cases to ensure that patients do not experience worse conditions. For instance, patients who are hypersensitive to have severe depression ought not to be subjected to these medications especially when a medical specialist has not recommended of the same (Baptist Health School, p.2). The essence of understanding these contraindications is to ensure that patientsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ conditions do not worsen as a result of these drugs.Further, patients who may have dyscrasias or liver failure need not have these medications unless a qualified health practitioner has assessed them and offered relevant advice. Some drugs like Lithium are contraindicated in cases where patients have sodium depletion, and those may have diuretics. Also, in case patients are pregnant, they are closely monitored during this stage and that of lactation. As for patients who demonstrate profuse sweating or vom iting, medical practitioners monitor the situation with keenness (Baptist Health School, p.3).Once it is clear that a patient needs to have these medications the health practitioner works closely with the nurse in ensuring that the patient complies with the recommendations. This includes encouraging the patient on the need to take drugs, recording all signs and ensure that the drugs are swallowed as per the prescription. Therefore, the nurse will inspect if the patient has taken t...

Philosophical Theory The Intricate Ethics - 930 Words

For centuries, philosophers have debated the human condition what is good, what is evil, what makes the individual moral, and how are ethics balanced with virtue as a means for the actualization of the individual. Virtue, for many, becomes the theory of the way individuals should follow morality to become, eventually, the best person we can be. Part of being an enlightened human, for instance, is knowing the difference from right and wrong, of making that distinct individualized decision; we have contemplated our own humanity and actualized. Virtue theory, then, is a concept taken up by more than Aristotle that helps individuals define and contrast normative ethics by using deontology, which tends to emphasize cause and effect through rules and duties. Virtue theory, then take admirable human characteristics and tries to find the way in which humans should live best. ...To experience these emotions [fear, courage, desire, anger, pity, and pleasure] at the right times and on the right occasions and toward the right persons and for the right causes and in the right manner is the mean or the supreme good, which is characteristic of virtue (Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics, II). Utilitarianism and deontology are quite similar, and both hold that the most ethical thing one can do is any action that will maximize the happiness within an organization, or in society as a whole. The central maxim of the debate focuses on what is good or appropriate being not at the whim of theShow MoreRelatedSwifts Gulliver’s Travels by Jonathan Swift Essay1267 Words   |  6 PagesGullivers awkward process of identifying with the loathsome Yahoos and idolising the rational Houyhnhnms. 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Hegel was a professor at the University of Berlin and led a group of students called the Young Hegelians. This group of students was known for their radical ideas as well as their great criticism towards religion, government, and ethics. Over time, Marx began to adopt many of Hegel’s philosophies into his own. One of these philosophies was â€Å"the notion that rational ideas were the driving force in history.† At the same time, however, Marx did not agree with all of Hegel’s philosophies

Personal Narrative - Baptism Essay - 2622 Words

Personal Narrative - Baptism I took my first step down into the font and thought. Baptisms are funny things. The brightness of it all is profound. It seems as if there is one brilliant mirror reflecting boisterous cheer everywhere. The idea is to pack as much happiness, either real or faked, into one too-hot room in the hope that it will be absorbed into the absolutely petrified soul of the prospective individual about to be baptized. The joy was so thick that it bounced around the walls and the floor searching for something to absorb it, something to hold it in permanently. The beams certainly had many obstructions to navigate around. There were too many fat women with satiated grins made wider still by the application of inordinate†¦show more content†¦Perhaps embarrassed that their polished bald heads contributed to the gaiety, they took what few strands of hair they had and tugged them unmercifully over to the other side in an attempt to complete an even comb-over. The attempt resembled a pubescent boy covering his eyes during a particularly heated movie scene, only to leave a slit here and there for the brightness of their eyes to filter through and focus on the screen. But the forever-searching light pounced on the exposed slivers of baldness and reflected upward. Ever upward. Trevvy, now are you sure I must go all the way? So it went with my Grandma. Part of my caustic mood was due to her focus on the outward show instead of the inner meaning. She glanced peevishly at me, aware of the intense spotlight focused on her. She was shrinking with its heat. Yes Grandma, I adopted a mocking sing song-voice, Thats why they call it immersion. I stretched out the first two syllables so it sounded like, eeeemmmersion. She touched her hair and shot me her puppy dog look. I knew that look so well that it had long since failed to elicit any sympathy. I did a double take at her almost-white hair and groaned in disgust. One more big-haired old Mormon lady. Aware of my stare, she patted her milky mane ever so slightly as if the words, Fragile! Handle with Care were stamped in bright red ink on it. I took my second step,Show MoreRelatedThe Bible : The Holy Spirit1344 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction The Bible, composed by 40 authors inside a 1500 year time frame, is an assorted collection of books varying in types, ranging from history, law, prophecy, gospel, and personal epistles. One book telling one story, the Bible’s author, the Holy Spirit, inspires all the writers to tell the world God’s story of salvation through His son Jesus Christ. Featuring God as originator of creation, King of creation, and source of creation, the Bible highlights the kingdom of God as one good funRead MoreThe Seven Dimensions of Christianity1670 Words   |  7 Pagesreligion include practical and ritual, emotional and experiential, narrative and mythical, ethical and legal, doctrinal and philosophical, social and institutional, and material. The practical and ritual dimension involves rituals and practices that provide spiritual awareness of adherents. The emotional and experiential dimension includes the life changing experiences that either the leaders or followers of a religion go through. Narrative and mythical dimension are the stories and past records that preserveRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Of And It Gon Na Hurt You 1203 Words   |  5 Pagesviolence and the two kinds of violence which are the specific injury and the narrative violence. Violence can be described as symbolic, thematic, biblical, Shakespearean, romantic, allegorical, or transcendent. Examples of character cause violence include stabbings, shootings, drownings, poisoning, and etcetera. When harm or suffering is brought to the characters without the characters being responsible, it is narrative violence. Chapter 12 - Is That a Symbol? This chapter is about symbolism. 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Operations Management - 5696 Words

Running Head: OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT PROJECT Operations Management Project Ashwin Nandakumar, Mishel Chakkalakal,, Mithun Chacko and Shalwin D’souza Prof. Dr. Kaup Mohammed Operations Management Madonna University March 2011 Table of Content Pret A Manger – by Mithun Chacko 3 Acme Whistles vs. Pret A Manger – by Mithun Chacko 5 Touchwood Subway Vs. IKEA Pret A Manger – by Shalwin D’souza 6 Chilis McDonald’s Baskin Robbins – by Mishel Chakkalakal 9 McDonald’s Newspaper Review – by Ashwin Nandakumar 13 Pret A Manger – by Mithun Chacko 1) Read the short case on Pret A Manger and (a) identify the process in a typical Pret A Manger Shop together with their inputs and outputs, (b) Pret A Manger also supplies†¦show more content†¦They have to replenish their stocks as and when they get over. Hence operating costs are thus further reduced. Pret A Manger has to employee more employees with specialized skill sets like chefs, etc, as they have to distribute man power equally to all their kitchens within their outlets. Acme Whistles has to employee less special skill set employees as no special skill set is required to create whistles. As production is centralized employees are only required to satisfy the work load at that factory. Use of modern technology and automated machines further reduces the required work force. Thus, production cost and labor cost are considerably low for Acme Whistles when compared to Pret A Manger. By Mithun Chacko Touchwood Subway Vs. IKEA Pret A Manger – by Shalwin D’souza Q3. Visit a furniture store (other than IKEA) and a sandwich or snack shop (other than Pret A Manger). Observe how each shop operations, for example, where customers go, how staff interact with them, how big it is, how the shop has chosen to use its space, what variety of products it offers and so on. Talk with the staff and managers if you can. Think about how the shops you have visited are similar to IKEA and Pret A Manger, and how they differ. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- As per the requirement of this project, I visited a furniture shop called Touchwood Interior Dà ©cor Show MoreRelatedOperations Management : Operation Management1355 Words   |  6 PagesOperations Management Introduction Operations management is the activity of managing the resources that create and deliver services and products. The operations function is the part of the organization that is responsible for this activity. Every organization has an operations function because every organization creates some type of services and/or products. However, not all types of organization will necessarily call the operations function by this name. 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NESTLÉ UK CHOCOLATE FACTORY 3 3. MAJOR UNDERSTANDINGS OF THE STUDY 3 4. CONCLUSIONS 3 REFERENCES 3 1. Operation Management For the success of an organization, the management crew plays a major role. 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Type Ii Diabetes Mellitus Among African Americans Essay

Type II Diabetes Mellitus among African Americans Type II Diabetes Mellitus is an adult-onset diabetes that affects 90% of the diabetes patients. It is when the body does not recognize the insulin being produced by the pancreas, or not enough is produced. Insulin is a hormone that causes different cells to take up glucose for energy. Resistance to insulin causes the build up of glucose in the blood, which causes improper functions of cells and blood circulation, damage to nerves and blood vessels. The prevalence of type II diabetes is highest in African Americans among ethnic and racial groups. African American type II diabetic populations have tripled in 1993 when compared to 1963. Type II diabetes is mostly developed†¦show more content†¦Tuomilehto, Jaakko, Lindstrom, Jaana, Eriksson, Johan G., Valle, Timo T., Hamalainen, Helena, Ilanne-Parikka, Pirjo, Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi, Sirkka, Laakso, Mauri, Louheranta, Anne, Rastas, Merja, Salminen, Virpi, Aunola, Sirkka, Cepaitis, Zygimantas, Moltchanov, Vladislav, Hakum aki, Martti, Mannelin, Marjo, Martikkala, Vesa, Sundvall, Jouko, Uusitupa, Matti, the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study Group. Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus by Changes in Lifestyle among Subjects with Impaired Glucose Tolerance. New England Journal of Medicine. 344 (2001): 1343-1350. 2. Brancati, FL. Incident type 2 diabetes mellitus in African American and white adults - The atherosclerosis risk in communities study. Journal of the American Medical Association 283.17 (2000): 2253-2259. 3. Robbins, JM, Vaccarino, V, Zhang, H, Kasl, SV. Socioeconomic status and type 2 diabetes in African American and non-Hispanic white women and men: evidence from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. American Journal of Public Health 91.1 (2001): 76-83. 4. Signorello, Lisa B., Schlundt, David G., Cohen, Sarah S., Steinwandel, Mark D., Buchowski, Maciej S., McLaughlin, Joseph K., Hargreaves, Margaret K., Blot, William J. Comparing Diabetes Prevalence Between African Americans and Whites of Similar Socioeconomic Status. American Journal of Public Health 97 (2007): 2260-2267. 5. Bell RA, Summerson JH, Konen JC: Dietary intakes by levels of glycemicShow MoreRelatedEssay on Diabetes898 Words   |  4 PagesDiabetes Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder that occurs when the body is unable to produce or respond to insulin, a hormone that allows blood glucose to enter the cells of the body and generate the bodys energy (Ebony, 115). Diabetes is a disease that affects approximately 3% of the world population. In American alone, 10.3 million people report having diabetes, while an estimated 10 million more individuals may have undiagnosed diabetes (Morwessel, 540). The gene for diabetes is locatedRead MoreHealth Literacy Interventions And Its Impact On Diabetic Patient Health1454 Words   |  6 PagesLiterature Review Diabetes mellitus is a major public health problem in the US. High diabetic prevalence rates and negative health outcomes were linked with lack of health literacy among the population. Health literacy is necessary to create awareness and improve self management skills among the patients. This will help prevent diabetes and delay the complications associated with it through educated care choices and self management ability. This research focuses on health literacy interventionsRead MoreEssay on Type 2 Diabetes1492 Words   |  6 PagesType II Diabetes Mellitus: An Emerging Epidemic nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by inadequate insulin secretion by the pancreas or cellular destruction leading to an insulin deficiency. Depending on the cause of the insulin shortage, diabetes can be subcategorized into type I and type II. Type I diabetes (T1DM) is usually mediated by the destruction of b-cells in the pancreas resulting in decreased insulin production and secretionRead MoreType II Diabetes Mellitus ( Dm )1745 Words   |  7 PagesType II Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a chronic disease that influences the physical and social aspects of life for millions of people living in New York City (NYC). The excess accumulation of glucose in the blood caused by this disease can lead to the breakdown of many organs in the human body leading to increased hospitalizations and mortality. Although diabetes is a manageable disease given the appropriate care and education, the disease and its complications disproportionately a ffect African-AmericansRead MoreType II Diabetes And Its Effects On Minority Populations Essay1976 Words   |  8 Pages TYPE II DIABETES IN AFRICAN AMERICANS KIN 644 – ADVANCED EXERCISE TESTING AND PRESCRIPTION ANNELISE DAVIES DECEMBER 6, 2016 INTRODUCTION Over the past few decades, there has been an increased concern about diabetes and its effects on minority populations. Type II Diabetes is also referred to as â€Å"adult onset diabetes†, and is a condition where the body does not regulate blood glucose effectively and resists insulin. This does not allow for glucose to get into theRead MoreAn Obese Town of St. Albans in Queens, New York Essay1047 Words   |  5 PagesThe town of St. Albans is located in Queens, New York. It is a part of District 12, which also includes Hollis, Rochdale, South Jamaica, Northern Springfield Gardens, and Jamaica Center. Its population is predominantly African American. It was the home to many celebrities throughout the years including James Brown, Ella Fitzgerald, Joe Lewis and Jackie Robinson. The average age of the residents of this town ranges from late 30s to early 50s. Linden Blvd., which is the most centrally located roadRead MoreDiabetes For Developing Type II Diabetes1417 Words   |  6 PagesDiabetes is a disease in which blood glucose levels are above normal. There are three types of diabetes: type I (previously called â€Å"insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus†), type II (previously called â€Å"non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus†, and gestational diabetes which is diagnosed during the second or third trimester of pregnancy). Prediabetes is a condition of high blood glucose of hemoglobin A1C levels, but these levels are not high enough to be classified as diabetes. These people are at increasedRead MoreLifelong Changes Necessary for Diabetes Mellitus1751 Words   |  7 PagesDiabetes Mellitus is a common chronic disease requiring lifelong behavioral and lifestyle changes. It’s a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from lack of insulin, of insulin resistance, or both. It is a major public health problem worldwide and also a leading cause of new cases of blindness, end stage kidney disease, and foot or leg amputation. 3 General classifications of Diabetes Mellitus are: type 1 and type and Gestational. 1. 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Due to the cost of doctors appointments, medications, blood glucose monitoring supplies and healthy foods, low-income diabetics often have a difficult time managing the disease. Without proper medical care and self management

The Hero And The Crown Part Two Chapter 15 Free Essays

SHE COULD NOT SLEEP, and she coughed, and blood spotted her pillow; and the fever that came and went, and would not leave her alone even as her burns healed and her hair grew, came again that night, and light-headedly she relived the scene in the hall; and she heard the thing laugh, and heard the court say, Witchwoman’s daughter. Near dawn she dreamed of the tall blond man she had seen once before, while she slept in the dragon’s valley. He did not speak to her, not did he seem to know she watched him. We will write a custom essay sample on The Hero And The Crown Part Two Chapter 15 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Perhaps he is only a dream, her dreaming self thought; but she looked at the way his blond eyelashes caught the sunlight, at the freckles on the backs of his hands, at the way the little fingers curled under the base of the cup he held, at the steam that rose from the cup. He blinked when it wafted into his eyes. Where? her dreaming self thought. If he exists, where? She woke, coughing. He had said he would help her. How could he help her? He had said he would tell her how she could aid Damar. Damar didn’t seem to like her aiding it. She turned onto her back and stretched till her throat and chest lay flat and straight; sometimes that eased the coughing. She listened to the gurgling rasp of her breathing; no matter how shallowly she breathed, still the air rustled in her lungs. She thought dispassionately, This cough will kill me before too long, and Maur will have slain me after all. Perhaps the man in my dream could cure my cough. If she could find him. If he existed. She was so tired; she could not imagine what it was like not to be tired. She fell asleep again, listening to her breath rattle in her chest like dead leaves, and woke tired. She stared into the canopy over her head for several minutes, her eyes tracing the graceful embroidered forms of the galloping horses and their super-naturally long manes and tails, the manes almost like wings, the grass underfoot almost like clouds. The fever would not let her go. She could not get out of bed that day, nor the next. Tor came to see her, and she would not speak to him; but he came again, and she remembered she had one thing she needed to say to him. â€Å"What happened?† he asked her over and over again. At last she said, â€Å"I grew dizzy,† but would not say more; and Tor fell silent, holding her hand in a hand almost as feverish as hers. It was only luck, she had pleaded with Maur. Was it? Maur’s head had answered her. â€Å"Aerin.† Tor’s voice. What was it she needed to say to him? â€Å"Will you †¦ take Maur’s head off the wall †¦ and put it †¦ somewhere far away †¦ that no one may see it?† â€Å"Of course,† he said anxiously. â€Å"Of course. It shall be done today.† She remembered little clearly after that; she saw Teka’s face bent over hers, and Tor’s, and her father’s, and others’ whom she dimly remembered as the healers who had done her so little good before. She did not know how many days or weeks she spent this way; and then one night she woke again from an especially vivid dream of the blond man. â€Å"You stupid woman – climb off your deathbed while you still can, and come to me.† The words still rang in her ears. She sat up slowly. She drew on her boots, and her leggings and tunic; she picked up the red stone on the table by her bed, and thrust it into the breast of her shirt. She looked at her sword – the king’s sword – hanging over her bed, and did not touch it, she fumbled for a cloak, and drew it over her shoulders. She had to sit down on the edge of her bed again and catch her breath. I must tell them where I am going, she thought. But I don’t know where I am going. She stood up again, and made her way slowly into her sitting-room, to the desk there. The ink was dry; she had to carry a glass from her bed table, filled with water from the pitcher there, into her sitting-room, to wet it; her hand shook, and she spilled most of it on the desk, and the ink would not mix, but stayed pale and uneven. It would have to do. There was nothing to write on. She sat at the desk, staring at its blank top, as if paper or parchment would appear if she waited for it. She did not seem able to collect her thoughts, but her hand reached out of its own accord, and groped in the rear of the small desk cabinet, and drew something out. It was the note Tor had written her, long ago, asking her to see the king’s army off the next morning. She turned it over, and took up a pen; the ink dripped and ran on the page. â€Å"Tor,† she wrote. â€Å"I have dreamed of someone who might help me, and I go to look for him. I will come back as I may.† Stealthily she made her way to the ground floor and outside. The inner corridors were pitch dark, but she found she could see her way; there was a soft silvery light around her – she was glowing, she realized suddenly; and for the first time since Maur’s head had spoken to her she felt a glimmer of hope, and the hope warmed her a little, and steadied her footsteps. Someone should have seen her as she crossed the open courtyard, particularly as she persisted in glowing like foxfire in a rotting tree; but no one came. She dragged Talat’s small light saddle from its peg opposite his stall, but left the trappings of the king’s breastplate as she had left her sword. Talat’s pale head thrust over the stall half-door at her. His nostrils moved in a silent whicker of welcome, but from his campaigning days he could recognize secrecy when he saw it. She had to wrestle the saddle onto his back, for she was too weak to lift it; but it was on at last, and Talat stepped after his lady as softly and carefully as a lover going to his beloved’s bed. She was surprised to find that it was high summer, for she had lost all sense of the passing of time within the walls of her illness. â€Å"Although lucky for me,† she whispered into Talat’s pointed ears. She ate the fruit from the trees, when she remembered to eat, and at night she slept leaning against Talat’s side, as he rested his nose on the earth near his folded knees. Sometimes he flicked his tail in his sleep, after flies, real or imaginary, and Aerin would come half awake – she was never profoundly asleep in the first place – and feel the silky hairs slip down her face like raindrops. They traveled west at first, then north, with the mountains on their right and the heavy Airdthmar forests on their left, forests that had never been completely explored, that held creatures no one had ever named. When times were peaceful the kings of Damar had set up expeditions to drive deeper into the forest, for it stood in the way of their kingdom’s free trade and concourse from one town to the next; but the Airdthmar was not kind to the folk who tried to chart it and lay roads through it. Arlbeth claimed to be fond of it. â€Å"It is quiet, it causes no courteous passer-by any trouble, it keeps its own counsel,† he said. â€Å"Would that all the quarters of the Damarian compass were so civilized.† Aerin gazed into the trees as she rode, but she saw only blackness looking back at her. She had thought to go west originally because the Airdthmar seemed like the obvious place to look for a mysterious mage who visited dreams; but as they cleared the foothills Talat shied away and veered north, and Aerin half permitted, half agreed with him. There was no trail for them to follow; they wove their way back into the foothills again, away from the smooth way that Arlbeth and his army had gone to meet with Nyrlol, or that any folk with legitimate business took around the eastern edge of the Airdthmar; Aerin did not want to meet anyone who might take word of her back to the City, nor be overtaken by any party sent in pursuit. They came at last to a pocket valley in the hills, a small undistinguished valley like many others, well furnished by the thick purple color grass, which did not grow in the City, and with a few trees. The sun was setting as they paused, and Aerin, seeing a rock that would do for a mounting block, thought that this would be a good place to stop for the night; but she made no move to dismount, and Talat remained standing, ears pricked, uninterested in the lush lolor, which generally he preferred to anything else. As the sun disappeared it seemed to Aerin that the light never quite faded; but that might have been the glitter of her fever. Talat looked back over his shoulder at her, and Aerin’s knee as if of its own volition bent him toward the mountains behind the foothills – east again; and Talat at once found the hidden trail that began at the edge of the pocket valley. The way was soon so steep that Aerin worried about Talat’s weak leg; but when she tried to slip off his back and walk beside him for a while he sidled all around and rubbed her against the trees that grew close around them, and she at last gave it up. He was right; climbing uphill would make her cough. He went slowly, and all four feet hit the ground evenly, and Aerin concentrated on hanging on to the front of the saddle with both hands. And breathing. It had seemed to her lately that she had to remember to breathe, that her lungs would prefer to be still. By dawn she was light-headed with fever and altitude and exhaustion, for even though she slept little, lying quietly on the earth was an easier way to pass the time than clinging to a heaving saddle. Still Talat toiled on, the sweat running down his shoulders, though the air was cool. Aerin let go the saddle and wound her cold fingers in his mane to warm them. The ground leveled abruptly. Talat paused disbelievingly, all four feet braced; then he went on again, and the trees gave way before them, and the secret track Talat had followed so trustingly was a plain trail before them, and at the end of a short way was a small bare courtyard, set round with pillars, and a great grey stone building. Talat walked into the courtyard and stopped. Aerin unwound her hands from his mane and stared down past his wet shoulder to the ground, and thought about dismounting; and then a tall blond man was standing beside her. She wished to feel alarm, for she had not seen or heard his approach; but Talat was not disturbed, and she recognized the man’s face from her dreams. He lifted her bodily from the saddle, and as his arms took her weight, fear crossed his face: â€Å"May all the gods listen – there’s nothing left of you.† He carried her into the stone hall, and she leaned her head against his chest, and thought of nothing. His boots were soft-soled and his footsteps silent; but the rustle of her breathing echoed through the hall like the wings of a flock of small birds. He set her in a high-backed chair at the far end of the hall, and picked up a goblet from a small table, glared at it, muttered over it, said, â€Å"This will have to do,† and gave it to her. She held it, dreamily, but even with both hands around it, it swayed and began to sag, and the man, with a muffled exclamation, leaned over her and grasped the stem of the goblet around her two hands. His hand was warm, like Talat’s mane, and the goblet was cool. â€Å"Who are you?† she asked, looking into the frowning face bending over her. â€Å"I am Luthe,† he said. â€Å"Drink.† She took the first sip, obediently, as she had drunk Teka’s draughts when she was young and had fevers. She did not remember a second sip. She awoke, pressed down with blankets, in a narrow curtain-less bed. The bed was one of many, set side by side down a long narrow corridor; the heads were pushed up against one wall where slit windows high above shed sunlight on their feet; and beyond the beds was a narrow passage and then the far wall, taller than the window wall, the roof slanting up sharply from the one to the other. She blinked drowsily at the far wall; it was blank grey stone, like the rest of Luthe’s hall. Or not blank: Aerin sat up, shedding blankets, and frowned; etched into the grey stone were faint relief pictures, but she could not quite decide what they depicted: men with antlers, women with wings, trees with eyes that watched. She blinked again; her vision hadn’t been trustworthy in a long time. Her fever was gone. She felt as weak as when she had first dragged herself to the stream after Maur’s death, but she felt happy, with a senseless transparent happiness like that of a very young child. She wrestled cheerfully with the enshrouding blankets, got feebly to her feet, and began to make her way down the row of beds by clinging to the foot of each in turn – all of them empty, and all but hers neatly made up with coarse dark blankets, and pillows wrapped in smooth dark cloth. She came to an arch of doorway and looked through; the thickness of the wall it pierced made the entrance dark, but beyond it the great hall was bright with daylight. There were windows cut high into the two lengthwise walls of the great chamber, the walls themselves high enough that the windows looked out over the roofs of the sleeping corridors; and yet far above them all the ceiling was invisible in darkness. Luthe saw her and frowned. â€Å"You should have slept longer.† â€Å"No, I shouldn’t. I have slept just the right amount; I feel dazzlingly† – she ran out of breath, and leaned against the threshold – â€Å"hungry. I haven’t felt hungry in a long time.† â€Å"I will claim that as my consolation; but evidently I still have not learned to get simple sleeping draughts right. Lily would be ashamed of me. Come eat, then.† He watched her drift toward him; it seemed to be a long way from the sleeping-chamber door to the table before the hearth, where he was. His hands closed over the high back of the chair he stood behind as he watched her, but he did not offer to help her. She fetched up against the table at last; it was a small delicate table, but she was little more than a wraith, and when she flattened both hands on the top of it to steady herself it held her slight weight easily. She looked up at him and smiled: a lover’s smile, sweet and brilliant, but it was not directed at him; her eyes looked at something invisible that she herself did not recognize, and yet his heart stirred in a way he did not like. He returned her smile with a deeper frown, and she chuckled – a little tapping sound, like mouse feet on a stone floor. â€Å"I am not blind, sir, though I do seem to see light where there is only darkness and strange pictures on a blank wall; and I am quite sure that I see you scowling furiously at me, like a tutor at a student who persists in misbehaving. Pray tell me what I have done.† â€Å"You have waited too long to come here.† Her smile ebbed away. â€Å"I have not been thinking clearly for long †¦ I had so many strange dreams.† She thought of Maur’s head speaking to her from a wall in her father’s castle, and a spasm crossed her face, and she raised one hand from the table to cover it., â€Å"It was easy,† she said through her fingers, â€Å"not to believe there was any use in them.† There was silence between them; Aerin stirred, and dropped her hand, but her face was still sad. â€Å"Talat?† she asked. † †¦ is eating his head off in a meadow among my cattle. You need have no fear for him.† â€Å"I have none.† Abruptly she asked: â€Å"Am I dying?† â€Å"Yes.† â€Å"Can you cure me?† Luthe sighed. â€Å"I’m not sure. I think so. Had not †¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Had I not listened to Maur’s head, I would have come here long since,† Aerin said dreamily. â€Å"Had it not told me that I could not win against the Black Dragon, for no one could, I might have believed that there was enough left of my life to be worth healing; but I am Dragon-Killer, the least of my family, and if I have done a great thing, then I must die of it.† Her words floated on the air, half visible, like spider silk. â€Å"You are not the least of your family,† Luthe said violently; â€Å"your mother was worth seven of her husband, and you’ve the courage she had, or she’d not have borne you, and you would not be standing here now after what Maur has done to you – and does to you yet.† Aerin stared at him. â€Å"Does to me yet? †¦ They hung its skull in the great hall, and it spoke to me. I was stronger for a while, till I saw it there, and it spoke to me.† â€Å"Spoke – ? How could anyone, even a hundred generations later, be so stupid as to bring back the Black Dragon’s head as a trophy and hang it on a wall for folk to gape at? Surely – â€Å" â€Å"I asked them to take it away – where no one might look at it again.† Luthe paced twice around the table before he said anything. â€Å"Dragon-Killer indeed. They do not know how lucky they are to have had you. To have had you at all. And I am fool enough to want to give you back to them.† Witchwoman’s daughter, Aerin thought. But I told Tor I would come back if I could. Luthe sat wearily down. â€Å"I have sat up here too long; it is so pleasant, not meddling. Perhaps after a hundred generations it is possible to forget.† â€Å"You knew my mother?† â€Å"Yes.† It was not an answer, nor a tone of voice, to encourage further questions. She looked down, and noticed that there was bread and fruit on the table she leaned on, and she picked up a handful of cora berries and began to eat them one at a time. â€Å"She was like you, but smaller,† Luthe said after she finished the last berry and had begun on a piece of bread. â€Å"The burden she carried was different from yours, and it had worn on her for many years. When I knew her she had forgotten joy, although I believe Arlbeth gave her a little back again.† Aerin’s low rough voice seemed to come from the high grey walls and not from the thin figure bowed over the table before him: â€Å"It is said in the City that she died of despair when she found she had had a daughter and not a son.† â€Å"It is probably true,† Luthe said, his voice level. â€Å"She had courage enough, but little imagination; or she would not have forgotten joy, whatever the weight on her, and heavy enough it truly was.† â€Å"Is it a weight a son might have lifted from her?† â€Å"It is a weight any of her blood and courage may lift. Damn you,† he said, his voice rising. â€Å"Couldn’t you tell the difference between a true dream and dragon poison?† â€Å"Evidently not,† she replied, and looked straight at him, although she still leaned on the table. â€Å"If it was so important, and the Black Dragon, even in death, so insidious, why did you not come and fetch me?† There was a little pause, and Luthe smiled faintly. â€Å"I shan’t try to bully you again.† â€Å"You have not answered my question.† â€Å"I don’t wish to answer it.† She could not help herself, and she laughed: he sounded so much like a sulky child. And her laugh rang out, clear and free, as it had not done since she had first heard the name of Maur. Luthe looked at her in wonder. â€Å"Yes, I believe I can cure you. I cannot believe that I will be let fail.† â€Å"I am glad to hear that,† she said, and found herself surprised that she spoke the truth, and her mouth curled in a wry smile. â€Å"I am glad.† Luthe, watching her, knew both the truth of her words and the surprise they had caused her. She wandered around the little table till she came to another chair, and settled lightly into it; and with the smile still on her lips, her eyelids drooped, and she fell into the light doze of the chronic invalid, and sagged against the side of her chair, and Luthe watched over her sleep as Tor often had, and their thoughts were very similar. But Luthe had a choice to make, and a choice that he did not like; and it was a choice that must be made soon. Even as he thought of this choice, he knew the decision had already been made. But he was in no hurry that Aerin wake again, and he do what he must. How to cite The Hero And The Crown Part Two Chapter 15, Essay examples

”A Thousand Years of Good Prayers” by Yiyun Li Sample Essay Example For Students

†A Thousand Years of Good Prayers† by Yiyun Li Sample Essay In A Thousand Years of Good Prayers. Yiyun Li depicted many different lives of the people in last decade’s China. still under the reign of Communism. With Communism. comes Capitalism. two contradictory political systems. one time threatened the universe of a atomic World War. The clang of communism and capitalist economy was finely presented in A Thousand Years of Good Prayers. as the freshly liberated modern China and its people were greatly influenced by the West. Throughout Yiyun Li’s aggregation of short narratives. Capitalism was invariably mentioned and presented. a changeless factor that influences all the character’s life and picks. The two most common subjects in the narratives that associate to Capitalism are in-migration and freedom. In Princess of Nebraska. Sasha immigrates to America in chase of a better life. In Son. Han immigrated to America to get away China’s communism regulations. Mr. Shi follows his girl to America and discovers the joy of America’s in A Thousand Years of Good Prayers. In all these instances. freedom has become a symbol for America. a state of Capitalism. What all the characters have in common is the wish to pursuit freedom. the American dream. Mr. Shi and Madame from the rubric narrative. both from an oppressive state. invariably reference. â€Å"America is a good country† . Mr. Shi undergoes the alteration from being a adult male disgraced of his occupation. restricted from speaking about his occupation and concealing secretivenesss from his household. to â€Å"A new individual. a projectile scientist. a good conversationist. a loving male parent. a happy adult male. † Mr. Shi’s daughter provinces likewise. â€Å"If you grew up in a linguistic communication chapeau you neer used to show your feelings. it would be easier to take up another linguistic communication and speak more in the new linguistic communication. It makes you a new individual. † Both Mr. Shi and his girl feel that America has given them a new individuality. because it has given them the freedom to go what they want to. Likewise. in the narrative Princess of Nebraska. Sasha and Boshen both immigrate to America for a new life. I t symbolized a new beginning for them. In the suppressive China. Boshen was persecuted as a cheery militant and Sasha’s female parent had limited freedom every bit could non travel back to Beijing. Sasha therefore leaves behind her old Chinese life and puts all her religion in â€Å"moving on†Ã¢â‚¬â€and comes to the same decision Mr. Shi and Madame had. â€Å"America is a good topographic point. Everything could go on at that place. † Capitalism’s freedom gave them a opportunity to get down a new life. In a similar manner. Han from Son. besides homosexual. immigrates to America to get away the Communism regulations and prosecute the American dream. In general. Capitalism is presented as a symbol of freedom and flight in these narratives. Aside from in-migration. the influence of Capitalism in China is besides shown. After A Life efficaciously demonstrates how in some countries Capitalism stands side by side with Communism. The supporter of the narrative. Mr. Su’s invests in the stock market. which is a Capitalist facet in economic system. The stock securities firm is rented from a â€Å"bankrupted province tally factory† . giving the image of Capitalism literally replacing Communism. â€Å"Thousands of grains make a tower. together their investings do mills run† employs the Capitalist stock investing in a Communism construct. Mr. Su. although believes himself to be smarter than the others. does non do money any longer than the old ladies do. In this instance Ca pitalism is non depicted really positively. â€Å"with about everyone in the state traveling brainsick about money. and money entirely. it was rare to run into person who was nostalgic about the old but besides earnest in his attempt to understand the new† suggests the Capitalism fad for money. .u112361bd1adcf469802513c5b39f67fd , .u112361bd1adcf469802513c5b39f67fd .postImageUrl , .u112361bd1adcf469802513c5b39f67fd .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u112361bd1adcf469802513c5b39f67fd , .u112361bd1adcf469802513c5b39f67fd:hover , .u112361bd1adcf469802513c5b39f67fd:visited , .u112361bd1adcf469802513c5b39f67fd:active { border:0!important; } .u112361bd1adcf469802513c5b39f67fd .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u112361bd1adcf469802513c5b39f67fd { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u112361bd1adcf469802513c5b39f67fd:active , .u112361bd1adcf469802513c5b39f67fd:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u112361bd1adcf469802513c5b39f67fd .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u112361bd1adcf469802513c5b39f67fd .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u112361bd1adcf469802513c5b39f67fd .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u112361bd1adcf469802513c5b39f67fd .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u112361bd1adcf469802513c5b39f67fd:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u112361bd1adcf469802513c5b39f67fd .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u112361bd1adcf469802513c5b39f67fd .u112361bd1adcf469802513c5b39f67fd-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u112361bd1adcf469802513c5b39f67fd:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Last oft the mohicians EssayIn Immortality. nevertheless. Capitalism’s influence seems to expose the people to the repression of Communism –â€Å"Now we have Sony and Panasonic ; we have Procter A ; Gamble. Johnson A ; Johnson. We have imported films in which work forces and adult females hold custodies freely in the street. and they even kiss each other without a hint of fright in their eyes. Our lives. we realized. is non every bit happy as we have been taught to believe. † Sansan from Love In The Marketplace was greatly influenced by American movies. such as Casablanca and Women In Love. establishing her ideal love affair on the movies. They were in a manner. her American dream. How Capitalism influences China is shown to hold different effects in different state of affairss. In most instances of the character’s chase of the American dream. the characters truly believe in the freedom Capitalism brings will decide their jobs. Despite the changeless confrontations of Capitalism’s freedom and Communism’s subjugation. Yiyun Li didn’t present Capitalism as a panacea. Sasha’s compulsion with get downing a new life in America is one peculiar illustration to show this. as her passion was instead unsighted and despairing. Sasha’s statement. â€Å"vast and empty landscapes depressed her† is one of sarcasm. as Nebraska. like Inner Mongolia. is besides â€Å"vast and empty† . This possibly intimations that Sasha’s old life problems aren’t traveling to vanish merely because she immigrated to another state. Albeit Mr. Shi’s delectation of freedom for being a â€Å"rocket scientist† . a new individual. meeting Madame. his distant relationship with his girl does non better. This may be because that both Mr. Shi and his girl were prosecuting their â€Å"new identity† individually—a Capitalism impression. and despite his attempts and the new found freedom discovered. it wasn’t plenty to cover up Mr. Shi’s old problems and bring around his daughter’s indifference. Han. with his â€Å"brand new American passport with the old Chinese worry† adamantly believed his mother’s religion in Jesus to be false. that her femal e parent needs to be controlled by a superior force. Believing in America’s free will. what Han didn’t realize was that his female parent was populating her strong beliefs with far more bravery than he can populate his ain. In Immortality’s relation. the Great Papa’s. the landlord’s. the dictator’s and the impersonator’s glorification all collapsed in the terminal. More Capitalist ways of life was introduced so. â€Å"It says we’re traveling to hold a new life from now on. † â€Å"New or old. life is the same. † This is a farther indicant that. in a manner. Capitalism or Communism. life and people are the same. It can be concluded that. Yiyun Li presents both China ( Communism ) and America ( Capitalism ) as multidimensional characters. Although there is accent on Capitalism’s freedom. there is no clear separating line between the black and white of Capitalism and Communism. Yiyun Li herself emigrated from China to America to prosecute her American dream: â€Å"For me. the American dream meant that I could pick up composing and go a author. something I had neer dared to woolgather before coming here. For my characters. it means freedom to get away totalitarian control on many different levels—from parental supervising to the ideological control of the Communist party. † Her ain experience in the country farther validates that. as quoted by Yinyun Li. â€Å"I think people in both states tend to forget—that deep down we are all human existences. and the strivings and joys we have are the same. In a manner. I think the two states are set up in the public position as rivals. which can take some Americans and Chinese to experience chariness or animus toward one another. But in the terminal. people here in America are like what you will happen in China. excessively. † In the terminal. we’re all worlds. 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